The Treasury and IRS have issued guidance on the recent order by President Trump to defer certain employee payroll tax obligations on wages paid from September 1, 2020, through December 31, 2020. Under the guidance:

The Treasury and IRS have issued guidance on the recent order by President Trump to defer certain employee payroll tax obligations on wages paid from September 1, 2020, through December 31, 2020. Under the guidance:

• the due date for the withholding and payment of the employee’s portion of the 6.2-percent old-age, survivors and disability insurance (OASDI) tax (Social Security tax) under Code Sec. 3101(a), and the employee’s portion of the Railroad Retirement Tax Act (RRTA) Tier 1 tax that is attributable to the 6.2-percent Social Security tax under Code Sec. 3201, on applicable wages is postponed until the period beginning on January 1, 2021, and ending on April 30, 2021; and
• the deferred taxes must be withheld and paid from wages and compensation paid between January 1, 2021, and April 30, 2021.

The guidance states that it does not separately postpone the deposit obligation for employee Social Security tax. This is because the deposit obligation does not arise until the tax is withheld, so by postponing the time for withholding the employee Social Security tax, the deposit obligation is delayed by operation of the tax regulations.

7508A Relief
In light of the coronavirus (COVID-19) disaster, President Trump issued a memorandum on August 8, 2020, directing the Treasury Secretary to use his Code Sec. 7508A authority to defer the withholding, deposit, and payment of the employee’s portion of Social Security tax, and the employee’s portion of the RRTA equivalent tax, on wages and compensation paid from September 1, 2020, through December 31, 2020. The deferral is available only for employees whose biweekly, pre-tax pay is less than $4,000, or a similar amount where a different pay period applies.

The Treasury Secretary has determined that employers required to withhold and pay the employee share of the Social Security tax under Code Sec. 3102(a) or the RRTA tax equivalent under Code Sec. 3202(a) are affected by the COVID-19 emergency for purposes of the relief described in the presidential memorandum.

Applicable Wages
The deferral applies to wages under Code Sec. 3121(a) or compensation under Code Sec. 3231(e) paid to an employee on a pay date during the period beginning on September 1, 2020, and ending on December 31, 2020 (collectively "applicable wages"), but only if the amount of wages or compensation paid for a biweekly pay period is less than $4,000, or the equivalent threshold amount with respect to other pay periods.

Applicable wages are determined on a pay period-by-pay period basis. If the amount of wages or compensation payable to an employee for a pay period is less than the corresponding pay period threshold amount, then that amount is considered applicable wages for the pay period. In that case, the relief provided in the guidance applies to the wages or compensation paid to that employee for that pay period, irrespective of the amount of wages or compensation paid to the employee for other pay periods.

Paying Deferred Taxes
An affected employer must withhold and pay the total applicable taxes that it has deferred ratably from wages and compensation paid between January 1, 2021, and April 30, 2021. Interest, penalties, and additions to tax will begin to accrue on May 1, 2021, on any unpaid deferred taxes.

If necessary, the employer can make arrangements to otherwise collect the total deferred taxes from the employee.

The IRS has released the 2020-2021 special per diem rates. Taxpayers use the per diem rates to substantiate the amount of ordinary and necessary business expenses incurred while traveling away from home. These special per diem rates include the special transportation industry meal and incidental expenses (M&IEs) rates, the rate for the incidental expenses only deduction, and the rates and list of high-cost localities for purposes of the high-low substantiation method. Taxpayers using the rates and list of high-cost localities provided in the guidance must comply with Rev. Proc. 2019-48, I.R.B. 2019-51, 1390.

The IRS has released the 2020-2021 special per diem rates. Taxpayers use the per diem rates to substantiate the amount of ordinary and necessary business expenses incurred while traveling away from home. These special per diem rates include the special transportation industry meal and incidental expenses (M&IEs) rates, the rate for the incidental expenses only deduction, and the rates and list of high-cost localities for purposes of the high-low substantiation method. Taxpayers using the rates and list of high-cost localities provided in the guidance must comply with Rev. Proc. 2019-48, I.R.B. 2019-51, 1390.

The guidance is effective for per diem allowances for lodging, meal and incidental expenses, or for meal and incidental expenses only, that are paid to any employee on or after October 1, 2020, for travel away from home on or after October 1, 2020. For computing the amount allowable as a deduction for travel away from home, the guidance is effective for M&IEs or for incidental expenses only paid or incurred on or after October 1, 2020.

Transportation Industry Rates
The special M&IE rates for taxpayers in the transportation industry are:

• $66 for any locality of travel in the continental United States (CONUS), and
• $71 for any locality of travel outside the continental United States (OCONUS).

Incidental Expenses Only Rate
The rate is $5 per day for any CONUS or OCONUS travel for the incidental expenses only deduction.

High-Low Substantiation Method
For purposes of the high-low substantiation method, the per diem rates in lieu of the rates described in Notice 2019-55 (the per diem substantiation method) are:

• $292 for travel to any high-cost locality, and
• $198 for travel to any other locality within CONUS.

The amount of these rates that is treated as paid for meals, and the per diem rates in lieu of the rates described in Notice 2019-55 (the M&IE only substantiation method), are:

• $71 for travel to any high-cost locality, and
• $60 for travel to any other locality within CONUS

The guidance provides a list of localities that have a federal per diem rate of $245 or more, and are high-cost localities for a specified portion of the calendar year. The list differs from the high-cost locality list in Notice 2019-55:

• Added to the list: Los Angeles, California; San Diego, California; Gulf Breeze, Florida; Kennebunk/Kittery/Sanford, Maine; Virginia Beach, Virginia.
• Localities that have changed the portion of the year in which they are high-cost localities: Sedona, Arizona; Monterey, California; Santa Barbara, California; District of Columbia; Naples, Florida; Jekyll Island/Brunswick, Georgia; Boston/Cambridge, Massachusetts; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Jamestown/Middletown/Newport, Rhode Island; Charleston, South Carolina.
• Removed from the list: Midland/Odessa, Texas; Pecos, Texas.

The Treasury and IRS have issued final regulations that limit the Code Sec. 245A dividends received deduction and the Code Sec. 954(c) exception on distributions supported by certain earnings and profits not subject to the integrated international tax regime created by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) ( P.L. 115-97). Proposed regulations and temporary regulations, issued on June 18, 2019, are adopted and removed, respectively.

The Treasury and IRS have issued final regulations that limit the Code Sec. 245A dividends received deduction and the Code Sec. 954(c) exception on distributions supported by certain earnings and profits not subject to the integrated international tax regime created by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) ( P.L. 115-97). Proposed regulations and temporary regulations, issued on June 18, 2019, are adopted and removed, respectively.

TCJA Provisions
The TCJA transitioned the United States from a primarily deferral-based international system of taxation (i.e., current taxation of subpart F income) to a participation exemption system with immediate taxation of certain offshore earnings. The TCJA introduced:

• the Code Sec. 245A dividends received deduction;
• the Code Sec. 965 transition tax; and
• the global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) regime under Code Sec. 951A.

The Code Sec. 245A deduction provides a 100-percent deduction to domestic corporations for certain dividends received from a specified foreign corporations (SFC) after December 31, 2017. Earnings and profits generated before the deduction became available are subject to the Code Sec. 965 transition tax on post-1986 earnings and profits.

The GILTI regime subjects certain intangible income of a controlled foreign corporation (CFC) to current taxation, for tax years starting in 2018.

The subpart F regime was retained for tax years starting in 2018. The regime subjects certain earnings of a CFC to current taxation. The regime also provides that dividends received by a CFC, from a related CFC, are not included in the recipient CFC’s income and subject to current tax under subpart F, if certain requirements are met under the Code Sec. 954(c) exception.

Earnings and profits that are previously taxed under the transition tax, or subpart F or GILTI regimes, are treated as being distributed before non-previously taxed earnings and profits, and a distribution of previously taxed earnings and profits (PTEP) is not treated as a distribution of a dividend eligible for the Code Sec. 245A deduction.

Limits on Deduction
The final regulation limit the Code Sec. 245A deduction with respect to a dividend received by a U.S. corporation from certain SFCs so that the deduction is not available for the earnings and profits attributable to base erosion-type income. The final regulations limit the deduction to the portion of the dividend that exceeds the ineligible amount of the dividend. The ineligible amount is the sum of (1) 50 percent of the extraordinary disposition amount, and (2) the extraordinary reduction amount.

An extraordinary disposition is a disposition of an asset by a SFC that:

is outside of the ordinary course of activities to a related party during the disqualified period (between January 1, 2018, and the end of the foreign corporation's last taxable year beginning before January 1, 2018), and
exceeds the lesser of $50 million or 5 percent of the gross value of the SFC’s assets.
The Code Sec. 245A deduction is limited with respect to extraordinary dispositions, because earnings and profits generated in those transactions are not subject to tax under the transition tax, or the GILTI and subpart F regimes and, as a result, are not of the residual type for which the Code Sec. 245A deduction is intended to potentially be available.

Extraordinary reductions result from transfers of CFC stock where:

a controlling Code Sec. 245A shareholder transfers more than 10 percent of its stock of the CFC, or
there is a greater than 10 percent change in the controlling Code Sec. 245A shareholder’s overall ownership of the CFC.
The Code Sec. 245A deduction is limited in connection with extraordinary reductions because the deduction can result in complete avoidance of U.S. tax with respect to subpart F income or tested income that, absent the extraordinary reduction, would have been included in income by the selling U.S. shareholder under the subpart F or GILTI regimes, respectively

The final regulations require taxpayers to compute, track, and report information relevant for determination of extraordinary dispositions and extraordinary reductions. If an SFC is sold and there is no Code Sec. 245A shareholder of the target SFC after the transaction, the extraordinary disposition account of the target SFC is generally eliminated.

A taxpayer may elect to close the tax year of the CFC for all purposes of the Code on the date of an extraordinary reduction. This prevents disallowance of the Code Sec. 245A deduction. Under the election, the CFC’s earnings and profits for the tax year up to the date of the extraordinary reduction are subject to taxation under the subpart F or GILTI regimes in the seller’s hands, while the remaining earnings and profits of the CFC for the year would be subject to taxation under the subpart F or GILTI regimes in the buyer’s hands. The final regulations clarify that there must be agreement between the buyer and seller of the CFC that was subject to the extraordinary reduction for the election to be made.

Limits on Exception
Application of the Code Sec. 954(c)(6) is also limited when portion of a dividend is paid out of an extraordinary disposition account, or when an extraordinary reduction occurs.

The Code Sec. 954(c)(6) exception is limited where its application would otherwise allow earnings and profits that had accrued after December 31, 2017 (the last measurement date for determining the amount of earnings and profits subject to the transition tax), and that was generated by income that had never been tested under the subpart F and GILTI regimes, to inappropriately qualify for an exception to the subpart F regime.

Treasury has issued final and amended regulations on the rules for distributions made by terminated S corporations during the post-termination transition period (PTTP). These regulations apply after an S corporation has become a C corporation.

Treasury has issued final and amended regulations on the rules for distributions made by terminated S corporations during the post-termination transition period (PTTP). These regulations apply after an S corporation has become a C corporation.

Generally, the regulations are applicable as of the date they are published in the Federal Register.

Eligible Terminated S Corporation (ETSC) Under Section 481
In the case of an S election revocation with a retroactive effective date, the revocation may be treated as occurring on the retroactive effective date for ETSC qualification as well.

The treasury department amended Reg. §§1.481-5(b)(2) and (3) so that a corporation may test compliance with the revocation requirement and the shareholder identity requirement on either:

• the date the revocation was made; or
• in the case of a revocation with a retroactive effective date, the date the revocation was effective.

To qualify as an ETSC under Code Sec. 481, a corporation must satisfy the revocation requirement by making a revocation of its S election during the two-year period beginning on December 22. It also must satisfy the shareholder identify requirement that the owners of the stock of the corporation on the date the S election was revoked are the same owners as on December 22, 2017.

The two year period during which an S corporation can revoke its S election ends on December 23. Reg. §1.1362-2(a)(2) provides that Code Sec. 7503 applies where the last day for making a revocation occurs on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday.

No Newcomer Rule
Reg. §1.1377-2(b) applies to a corporation’s taxable years beginning after the date of the publication of final regulations. It eliminates the no-newcomer rule for special treatment under Code Sec. 1371(e)(1) of distributions of money by a corporation with respect to its stock during the PTTP.

In the case of a corporation using the calendar year as its annual accounting period, newcomers are not entitled to receive distributions of the accumulated adjustments account (AAA) before January 1, 2021, unless the corporation chooses to apply Reg. §1.1377-2(b) before January 1, 2021.

The final regulations allow but do not require corporations to apply the final regulations addressing distributions made during the ETSC period to tax years beginning on or before the date that the final regulations are published.

Distributions of Money by ETSC
Reg. §1.1371-1 addresses distributions of money by an ETSC. It provides rules for qualified distributions and distributions where Code Sec. 301 applies during the tax years of the ETSC period, including the tax year in which the ETSC period ends.

Under Reg. §1.1371-2, if an intervening audit PTTP arises, the ETSC period immediately stops. Then, the ETSC period resumes provided that the ETSC’s AAA balance is greater than zero. Otherwise, later distributions by the ETSC are treated in the manner provided in Code Sec. 301(c).

Applicability Dates of the Regulations
A corporation may choose to apply the rules set forth in Reg. §§1.481-5, 1.1371-1, and 1.1371-2 to tax years beginning on or before the date the regulations are published in the Federal Register. In addition, a corporation generally may choose to not apply the no-newcomer rule in Reg. §1.1377-2(b) to tax years beginning on or before publication as long as the three year period described in Code Sec. 6501(a) has not expired.

Final regulations clarify that the amount of the rehabilitation credit for a qualified rehabilitated building (QRB) is determined as a single credit in the year the QRB is placed in service. This is the case even though the credit is allocated ratably over a five-year period. The final regulations adopt without modification proposed regulations released earlier this year ( NPRM REG-124327-19).

Final regulations clarify that the amount of the rehabilitation credit for a qualified rehabilitated building (QRB) is determined as a single credit in the year the QRB is placed in service. This is the case even though the credit is allocated ratably over a five-year period. The final regulations adopt without modification proposed regulations released earlier this year ( NPRM REG-124327-19).

TCJA Changes to Rehabilitation Credit
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) ( P.L. 115-97) amended the rehabilitation credit for amounts paid or incurred after 2017. The credit is now claimed ratably over a five-year period that begins in the year the QRB is placed in service. The ratable share for each year is 20 percent of the qualified rehabilitation expenditures (QREs) for the building. However, a transition rule allows certain taxpayers to claim the credit all in one year under pre-TCJA rules if the 24- or 60-month period selected for the substantial rehabilitation test began by June 20, 2018.

Final Rehabilitation Credit Regs Include Coordination Rules and Examples
The amended version of the rehabilitation credit is still determined in the year the QRB is placed in service. This single credit is then claimed ratably over five years. This single-credit approach also applies to the recapture, basis adjustment, and leased property rules. These results are consistent with pre-TCJA law.

To reflect these changes, the final regs provide:

• a general rule for calculating the rehabilitation credit;
• definitions of "ratable share" and "rehabilitation credit determined;"
• a rule coordinating the amended credit with the Code Sec. 50 rules for the investment credit; and
• examples illustrating the interaction of the credit with Code Sec. 50(a) (recapture in case of dispositions, etc.), Code Sec. 50(c) (basis adjustment to investment credit property); and Code Sec. 50(d)(5) (relating to certain leased property when the lessee is treated as owner and subject to an income inclusion requirement).

Effective Date for Rehab Credit Regs
The final regulations apply to tax years beginning on or after the date they are published in the Federal Register. However, taxpayers may apply them to QREs paid or incurred after December 31, 2017, as long as they apply them in their entirety and in a consistent manner.

The IRS has released final regulations that clarify the definition of a "qualifying relative" for purposes of various provisions for tax years 2018 through 2025. These regulations generally affect taxpayers who claim federal income tax benefits that require a taxpayer to have a qualifying relative.

The IRS has released final regulations that clarify the definition of a "qualifying relative" for purposes of various provisions for tax years 2018 through 2025. These regulations generally affect taxpayers who claim federal income tax benefits that require a taxpayer to have a qualifying relative.

Effective Date
These regulations are effective on the date of publication in the Federal Register.

Exemption Amount
On June 9, 2020, the Treasury and the IRS published a notice of proposed rulemaking REG-118997-19. Consistent with Notice 2018-70, the proposed regulations provide that, in determining whether an individual is a qualifying relative for purposes of various provisions that refer to Code Sec. 152 in tax years in which the exemption amount is zero, the Code Sec. 151(d) exemption amount will be the inflation-adjusted Code Sec. 152(d)(1)(B) exemption amount in the annual revenue procedure setting forth inflation-adjusted items that is published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin. Thus, the exemption amount to be used for this purpose is $4,150 for tax year 2018 (section 3.24 of Rev. Proc. 2017-58, 2017- 45 I.R.B. 489, modified and superseded by Rev. Proc. 2018-18, 2018-10 I.R.B. 392); $4,200 for tax year 2019 (section 3.25 of Rev. Proc. 2018-57, 2018-49 I.R.B. 827); and $4,300 for tax year 2020 (section 3.25 of Rev. Proc. 2019-44, 2019-47 I.R.B. 1093).

The IRS has announced that Medicaid coverage of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) testing and diagnostic services is not minimum essential coverage for purposes of the premium tax credit under Code Sec. 36B.

The IRS has announced that Medicaid coverage of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) testing and diagnostic services is not minimum essential coverage for purposes of the premium tax credit under Code Sec. 36B.

Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), certain taxpayers who obtain their coverage through an Exchange may claim a premium tax credit under Code Sec. 36B. However, taxpayers are only allowed the credit for months they are not otherwise eligible for minimum essential coverage.

Minimum essential coverage includes coverage under government-sponsored programs, including Medicaid, but certain health care coverage providing limited benefits is exempted.

The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that Medicaid coverage limited to COVID-19 testing and diagnostic services is not minimum essential coverage under a government-sponsored program. Thus, an individual’s eligibility for this coverage for one or more months does not prevent the individual from claiming the premium tax credit under Code Sec. 36B.

The IRS has released guidance in the form of questions and answers with respect to certain provisions of the Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement Act of 2019 (SECURE Act), and the Bipartisan American Miners Act of 2019 (Miners Act).

The IRS has released guidance in the form of questions and answers with respect to certain provisions of the Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement Act of 2019 (SECURE Act), and the Bipartisan American Miners Act of 2019 (Miners Act).

Business Credit
The SECURE ACT added a new Code Sec 45T, which provides a business credit to an eligible employer that establishes an eligible automatic contribution arrangement under a qualified employer plan. The credit is equal to $500 per year and applies to tax years beginning after December 31, 2019.

The notice clarifies than an eligible employer can only receive a credit during a single three year credit period. For example, if Employer X includes an automatic contribution arrangement for Plan A during 2021, 2022, and 2023 and then includes an automatic contribution arrangement for Plan B during 2022, 2023, and 2024, they can receive no more than $500 as a credit for 2021, 2022, and 2023, and are not permitted to receive a credit for 2024. The employer must include the same arrangement in the same plan for years two and three.

The credit applies separately to each eligible employer that participates in a multiple employer plan.

IRA Contribution Age Limit
Prior to the SECURE Act, an individual was not permitted to make contributions to their IRA if they were age 70 and 1/2 or older by the last day of the year. The SECURE Act eliminated that age limit for contributions after 2019.

The notice clarifies that a financial institution is not required to accept contributions after age 70 and 1/2, but if it does choose to accept them, it must amend its IRA contract and distribute a copy of the amendment and disclosure statement to each individual.

Individuals are not permitted to offset the amount of their required minimum distribution by the amount of their post-age 70 and 1/2 contributions for the same year.

Individuals are able to take their required minimum distributions as qualified charitable distributions. The example below illustrates how this would interact with the new lack of age limit on contributions.

Imagine Bob is over 70 and a 1/2 before 2020. He deducts $5,000 for contributions for 2020 and 2021, but makes no contribution for 2022. He makes no qualified charitable distributions for 2020 and makes qualified charitable distributions of $6,000 for 2021 and $6,500 for 2022. Bob’s excludable amount of qualified charitable distributions for 2021 is the $6,000 of qualified charitable distributions reduced by the $10,000 aggregate amount of post-age 70 1/2 contributions for 2021 and earlier taxable years. For this individual, these amounts are $5,000 for each of 2020 and 2021, resulting in no excludable amount of qualified charitable distributions for 2021 (that is, $6,000 - $10,000 = ($4,000)). The excludable amount of the qualified charitable distributions for 2022 is $2,500 ($6,500 - $4,000 = $2,500). Because the $4,000 amount reduced the excludable amount of qualified charitable distributions for 2022, that $4,000 amount does not apply again in later years, and no amount of post-age 70 1/2 contributions remains to reduce the excludable amount of qualified charitable distributions for subsequent taxable years.

Qualified Birth or Adoption Distributions
Code Sec. 72(t)(1) generally imposes a 10 percent additional tax on an early distribution from a qualified retirement plan (including an IRA or Roth IRA), unless the distribution qualifies for an exception. The SECURE Act provides a new exception to the 10 percent penalty for any qualified birth or adoption distribution up to $5,000 from an applicable retirement plan if made during the 1-year period beginning on the date on which the child is born or the adoption is finalized. The parent must include the name, age and the Taxpayer Identification Number of the child on their tax return the year the distribution is made.

The distribution can be made from any eligible retirement plan described in Code Sec. 402(c)(8)(B), other than a defined benefit plan. Therefore, a Code Sec. 401(a) qualified defined contribution plan, a Code Sec. 403(a) annuity plan, a Code Sec. 403(b) annuity contract, a governmental Code Sec. 457(b) plan, or an IRA is eligible to permit a qualified birth or adoption distribution. Eligible adoptees include any individual who has not attained age 18 or is physically or mentally incapable of self support as defined in Code Sec. 72(m)(7), but does not include an individual who is a child of the taxpayer’s spouse. Each parent can receive a qualified distribution up to $5,000 with respect to the same adoptee, and can receive multiple distributions if they have multiple births (ex. Twins or triplets).

Eligible retirement plans are not required to permit distributions for qualified birth or adoption distributions, but if they do not, individuals can still take the distribution and treat it as a qualified birth or adoption distribution on their federal tax return. Plans must accept recontribution of the distribution, if the following apply:

(a) the plan permits qualified birth or adoption distributions;

(b) the individual received a qualified birth or adoption distribution from that plan; and

(c) the individual is eligible to make a rollover contribution to that plan at the time the individual wishes to recontribute the qualified birth or adoption distribution to the plan.

Qualified birth or adoption distributions are not treated as eligible rollover distributions for purposes of the direct rollover rules, Code Sec. 402(f) notice requirements, and the mandatory withholding rules.

Difficulty of Care Payments
Code Sec. 408(o) provides that designated nondeductible contributions may be made on behalf of an individual to an IRA. A difficulty of care payment is a type of qualified foster care payment that is excludable from gross income.

The notice clarifies that difficulty of care payments received by an employee from a person other than his or her employer are not included as compensation. If an employer does not make difficulty of care payments, then the plan does not need to amend the plan to include the payments in the plan’s definition of compensation. However, if the employer begins to make difficulty of care payments, the plan must be amended.

Participation Rights Expanded for Part-Time Employees
Prior to the SECURE Act, employers that maintained a 401(k) plan were not required to offer it to part-time employees who work less than 1,000 hours per year. The rules require only that employers offer the plan to any employee who has both attained age 21 and has completed at least one year of service. A "year of service" is defined as a 12-month period during which the employee has worked at least 1,000 hours. Someone who works a bare 1,000 hours would be averaging 19.2 hours per week.

Under the SECURE Act, employers with 401(k) plans must offer employees who work between 500 and 1000 hours year an additional track to 401(k) participation. Employees must be able to satisfy participation requirements by completing either:

• the existing one year of service requirement, working at least 1,000-hours, or
• the new three consecutive 12-month periods of service requirement working at least 500 hours in each period.

The three-consecutive-years-of-service track is not available for an employee unless the employee reaches age 21 by the close of the last of the 12-month periods.

For purposes of determining vesting rights to employer contributions for 500-hour track employees, each 12-month period for which the employee has at least 500 hours of service is treated as a year of service. For purposes of the break-in-service rules, a 1-year break in service includes a year in which the employee has not completed at least 500 hours of service.

These amendments apply to plan years beginning after December 31, 2020, except that 12-month periods beginning before January 1, 2021, are not taken into account. The IRS guidance clarifies that this exception does not extend to the special vesting rules.

Plan Amendments
The deadlines to amend a retirement plan for provisions of the SECURE Act, the regulations thereunder, or Act Sec. 104 of the Miners Act are as follows. Note these amendment deadlines apply to both required and discretionary plan amendments.

• Qualified plans. For a qualified plan that is not a governmental plan or an applicable collectively bargained plan, the deadline is the last day of the first plan year beginning on or after January 1, 2022. The plan amendment deadline for a qualified governmental plan or for an applicable collectively bargained plan is the last day of the first plan year beginning on or after January 1, 2024. A plan sponsor may amend its plan after these dates, but they are not entitled to anti-cutback relief.
  
• Section 403(b) plans. The deadline for a Code Sec. 403(b) plan that is not maintained by a public school is the last day of the first plan year beginning on or after January 1, 2022. The deadline is for a plan maintained by a public school is the last day of the first plan year beginning on or after January 1, 2024. A plan sponsor may amend its plan after these dates, but they are not entitled to anti-cutback relief.
  
• Code Sec. 457(b) governmental plans. The deadline is the later of (i) the last day of the first plan year beginning on or after January 1, 2024, or (ii) if applicable, the first day of the first plan year beginning more than 180 days after the date of notification by the Secretary that the plan was administered in a manner that is inconsistent with the requirements of Code Sec. 457(b).
  
• IRAs. The deadline to amend the trust governing an IRA is December 31, 2022, or such later date as the Secretary prescribes in guidance. In the case of a deemed IRA, the deadline is the deadline applicable to the plan under which the deemed IRA is established.

Reduction in Minimum Age for In-Service Distributions
A qualified pension plan cannot make distributions to an employee who is still in-service (that is, working for the employer) prior to a certain age. The Miners Act lowered the minimum age from age 62 to age 59 1/2. Similarly, the Miners Act changed the rule for an eligible government deferred compensation plans under Code Sec. 457(b), reducing the minimum age to the calendar year the participant turns age 70 1/2 to age 59 1/2. These amendments apply to plan years beginning after December 31, 2019.

IRS guidance clarifies that neither a qualified plan nor a Code Sec. 457(b) governmental plan is required to provide for in-service distributions due to changes in the Miners Act. For example, a qualified plan that provides for in-service distributions commencing at age 62 is not required to be amended to provide for in-service distributions commencing at age 59 1/2. Also, the guidance clarifies that a change in the in-service distribution minimum age does not necessarily affect the plan’s existing normal retirement age.

Final regulations provide additional guidance on the base erosion and anti-abuse tax (BEAT) under Code Sec. 59A. The regulations also address certain aspects of the BEAT under Code Secs. 1502 and 6031.

Final regulations provide additional guidance on the base erosion and anti-abuse tax (BEAT) under Code Sec. 59A. The regulations also address certain aspects of the BEAT under Code Secs. 1502 and 6031.

The final regulations retain the basic approach and structure of the 2018 proposed regulations ( NPRM REG-112607-19), with certain revisions. The final regulations generally provide rules addressing the following:

• the determination of a taxpayer’s aggregate group for purposes of determining gross receipts and the base erosion percentage;
• an election to waive deductions for purposes of the BEAT;
• the application of the BEAT to partnerships; and
• the anti-abuse rule provided in Reg. §1.59A-9(b)(4) with respect to certain basis step-up transactions.

Determination of Taxpayer’s Aggregate Group
The final regulations provide guidance regarding how a taxpayer determines its aggregate group. Specifically, rules are provided for the calculation of gross receipts and the base erosion percentage when either the taxpayer or a member of the taxpayer’s aggregate group has a short tax year. The final regulations generally retain the rule in the 2018 proposed regulations that permits the use of a reasonable approach to determine whether a taxpayer’s aggregate group meets the gross receipts test and base erosion percentage test with respect to a short tax year of the taxpayer. The final rules provide examples of methods that may or may not constitute a reasonable approach.

In addition, the final regulations provide guidance on how the gross receipts and the base erosion percentage of an aggregate group are determined when members join or leave a taxpayer’s aggregate group, such as through a sale of the stock of a member to a third party. Clarification is provided regarding the close of the tax year rule for determining gross receipts and base erosion percentage. The final rules also address concerns regarding over-and under-counting of gross receipts of aggregate group members with different tax years.

Finally, guidance is provided on the application of the aggregate group rules to predecessors and successors.

Election to Waive Allowable Deductions
The final regulations address the election to waive allowable deduction and more specifically:

• when a taxpayer is eligible to make the BEAT waiver election;
• the effect of the BEAT waiver election on the base erosion percentage (whether deductions
• waived pursuant to the BEAT waiver election should be included in the denominator of the base erosion percentage);
• a reduction of waived deductions during audit or on an amended return;
• a waiver of life and non-life reinsurance premiums;
• procedures for making the BEAT waiver election;
• the application of the BEAT waiver election to partnerships;
• the application of the BEAT waiver election to consolidated groups; and
• the interaction of the BEAT waiver election with other regulations.

Application of the BEAT to Partnerships
The final regulations expand the ECI exception to apply to certain partnership transactions. The regulations also clarify the treatment of curative allocations and the partnership anti-abuse rule for derivatives.

Anti-abuse Rules of Reg. §1.59A-9 for Basis Step-up Transactions
The anti-abuse rule of Reg. §1.59A-9 is revised to address concerns about the breadth of this rule and its potential to create a "cliff effect," whereby a minimal amount of pre-transaction basis step-up could disqualify an entire transaction that would have otherwise qualified for the specified nonrecognition transaction exception.

Possible Future Guidance Concerning the QDP Reporting Requirements
The IRS is currently studying the interaction of the QDP exception, the BEAT netting rule in Reg. §1.59A-2(e)(3)(iv), and the QDP reporting requirements in Reg. §1.59A-6 and Reg. §1.6038A-2(b)(7)(ix) and considering whether future guidance may be appropriate.

Applicability Date
The final regulations generally apply to tax years beginning on or after the date they are published in Federal Register. Certain rules apply to tax years ending on or after December 2, 2019. However, taxpayers may apply these final regulations in their entirety for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before their applicability date, provided that, once applied, taxpayers must continue to apply these regulations in their entirety for all subsequent tax years. Alternatively, taxpayers may apply only Reg. §§1.59A-3(c)(5) and (6) for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before their applicability date, provided that, once applied, taxpayers must continue to apply them in their entirety for all subsequent tax years. Taxpayers may also rely on Proposed Reg. §§1.59A-2(c)(2)(ii) and (c)(4) through (c)(6), and 1.59A-3(c)(5) and (c)(6) in their entirety for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before the date of publication of these final regulations in the Federal Register.

The IRS recently announced that inflation is increasing many dollar amounts in the Tax Code for 2012.  For taxpayers, the inflation adjustments may help reduce their overall tax liability in 2012.

Inflation adjustments

Many provisions in the Tax Code are required to be adjusted annually for inflation. These include various deductions, exemptions and exclusion amounts.  The tax law also requires that the individual income tax brackets be adjusted annually for inflation.  Low inflation in 2009 and 2010 resulted in many of the provisions experiencing no increases for 2010 and 2011.

Next year is different. In October, the IRS announced that inflation is running at just over 3.8 percent. In response, the IRS adjusted a number of amounts in the Tax Code upward for 2012.

Retirement accounts

401(k) plans. For 2012, the maximum amount an individual can contribute tax-free to a 401(k) plan increases $500 from $16,500 to $17,000.  However, some 401(k) plans limit maximum contributions to levels below the ceiling in the Tax Code.

IRAs. The deduction for taxpayers making contributions to a traditional IRA is phased out for single individuals and heads of households who are covered by a workplace retirement plan and whose modified adjusted gross incomes fall within certain ranges. For 2012, the income phaseout range starts at $58,000 and ends at $68,000, up from $56,000 and $66,000, respectively, for 2011.  For married couples filing jointly, in which the spouse who makes the IRA contribution is covered by a workplace retirement plan, the income phaseout range for 2012 starts at $92,000 and ends at $112,000, up from $90,000 and $110,000, respectively, for 2011.  For an IRA contributor who is not covered by a workplace retirement plan and is married to someone who is covered, the deduction is phased out for 2012 if the couple’s income is between $173,000 and $183,000, up from $169,000 and $179,000, respectively, for 2011.

Roth IRAs are subject to similar rules. The AGI limit for maximum Roth IRA contributions for a married couple filing a joint return for 2012 is $173,000, an increase of $4,000 from 2011. The AGI limitation for all other taxpayers (other than married taxpayers filing separate returns) increases from $107,000 for 2011 to $110,000 for 2012.

Saver’s credit.  The Code Sec. 25B credit rewards eligible individuals with a tax credit for contributing to a retirement plan or an IRA.  For 2012, the AGI limit for the “saver’s credit” increases for single individuals to $28,750, an increase of $500 from 2011. The AGI limit for married couples filing joint returns increases from $56,500 for 2011 to $57,500 for 2012.

Individual income tax brackets

Inflation also impacts the individual income tax rate brackets (which are 10, 15, 25, 28, 33, and 35 percent, respectively, for 2011 and 2012).  Indexing of the income tax rate brackets effectively lowers tax bills by including more of an individual’s income in lower brackets.

More inflation adjustments

Standard deduction. Taxpayers who elect not to itemize deductions use the standard deduction amount. The standard deduction increases by $500 for married couples filing a joint return from $11,400 for 2011 to $11,900 for 2012.   The standard deduction for single individuals increases from $5,700 for 2011 to $5,950 for 2012.

Personal exemption.  Taxpayers may claim a personal exemption deduction (and an exemption deduction for each person they claim as a dependent). The amount of the personal exemption and the dependency exemption increases from $3,700 for 2011 to $3,800 for 2012.  The Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization and Job Creation Act of 2010 (2010 Tax Relief Act) repealed the personal exemption phaseout for higher income taxpayers for 2011 and 2012.

Estate tax.  The 2010 Tax Relief Act provided that the basic exclusion amount for determining the amount of the unified credit against estate tax for estates of decedents dying after December 31, 2009 is $5 million. The $5 million amount is adjusted for inflation for tax years beginning after December 31, 2011. For 2012, the inflation-adjusted amount is $5,120,000.

Gift tax exclusion.  For 2012, you can give up to $13,000 to any person without incurring gift tax. Married couples can gift up to $26,000 tax-free to any person. There is no limit on the number of individuals you can make the $13,000 ($26,000) gift. The $13,000 and $26,000 amounts are unchanged from 2011.

If you have any questions about these or other inflation adjustments, please contact our office.

Charitable contributions traditionally peak at the end of the year-end. While tax savings may not be your prime motivator for making a gift to charity, your donation could help your tax bottom-line for 2015. As with many tax incentives, the rules for tax-deductible charitable contributions are complex, especially the rules for substantiating your donation. Also important to keep in mind are some enhanced charitable giving incentives scheduled to expire at the end of 2015.

Year-end charitable giving can benefit your 2015 tax bottom-line

Charitable contributions traditionally peak at the end of the year-end. While tax savings may not be your prime motivator for making a gift to charity, your donation could help your tax bottom-line for 2015. As with many tax incentives, the rules for tax-deductible charitable contributions are complex, especially the rules for substantiating your donation. Also important to keep in mind are some enhanced charitable giving incentives scheduled to expire at the end of 2015.

Tips

The IRS has posted tips for deducting charitable contributions on its website. The tips are a good refresher of the fundamental rules for deducting charitable contributions:

• To be tax-deductible, a contribution must be made to a qualified organization.
• To deduct a charitable contribution, you must file Form 1040 and itemize deductions on Schedule A.
• If you receive a benefit because of your contribution such as merchandise, tickets to a ball game or other goods and services, then you can deduct only the amount that exceeds the fair market value of the benefit received.
• Donations of clothing and household items must generally be in good used condition or better to be tax-deductible.
• Special rules apply to donations of motor vehicles.
• Many donations must be substantiated; the substantiation rules vary for different donations.

Qualified organizations

Some individuals are surprised to learn that their donation is not tax-deductible because the recipient is not a qualified charitable organization. Generally, churches, temples, synagogues, mosques, and other religious organizations are qualified charitable organizations. Nonprofit community service, educational, and health organizations are also generally qualified charitable organizations. Special rules apply to foreign charities. If you have any questions whether the organization is a qualified charitable organization, please contact our office.

Substantiation rules

Unless a charitable contribution is properly substantiated, the IRS may deny your deduction.

Regardless of the amount, to deduct a contribution of cash, check, or other monetary gift, you must maintain a bank record, payroll deduction records or a written communication from the organization containing the name of the organization, the date of the contribution and amount of the contribution. Remember, this rule applies to all cash contributions, even contributions of small monetary amounts. The IRS will not accept certain personal records. For example, you cannot substantiate a contribution by reference to a diary or notes made at the time of the donation.

In recent years, text message donations have grown in popularity. For text message donations, a telephone bill will meet the record-keeping requirement if it shows the name of the receiving organization, the date of the contribution, and the amount given.

To claim a deduction for contributions of cash or property equaling $250 or more you must have a bank record, payroll deduction records or a written acknowledgment from the qualified organization showing the amount of the cash and a description of any property contributed, and whether the organization provided any goods or services in exchange for the gift.

One document may satisfy both the written communication requirement for monetary gifts and the written acknowledgement requirement for all contributions of $250 or more. If your total deduction for all noncash contributions for the year is over $500, you must complete and attach IRS Form 8283, Noncash Charitable Contributions, to your return.

Additional rules apply for donations valued at more than $5,000. These donations generally require an appraisal and you must advise the IRS of that appraisal by filing a special form.

Expiring provisions

Under current law, certain IRA owners can directly transfer tax-free, up to $100,000 annually from the IRA to a qualified charitable organization. The benefit is limited. The IRA owner must be age 70 ½ or older. Additionally, the contribution does not qualify for the deduction for charitable donations. To qualify, the IRA funds must be contributed directly by the IRA trustee to the qualified charitable organization. You can also take advantage of this tax incentive if you itemize or do not itemize deductions.

Unless extended, this incentive will have officially expired after December 31, 2014. It is unclear if Congress will extend the incentive retroactively for 2015 or beyond. If you are considering a charitable contribution from your IRA, please contact our office so we can review the rules in detail.

Several other enhanced charitable giving incentives will no longer be available for the 2015 tax year and beyond. They include special rules for contributions of food inventory.

Clothing and household items

Cleaning out your closet can help generate year-end tax savings. However, not all charitable contributions of clothing and household items are deductible. Generally, clothing and household items donated to a charitable organization must be in good used or better condition. Other rules also apply to donations of clothing and household items. Properly valuing the items to withstand any IRS examination is also important.

Motor vehicles and other types of donations

The tax deduction for a motor vehicle, boat or airplane donated to charity is fraught with complexity. The substantiation requirements depend on the amount of your claimed deduction. If you are considering donating a motor vehicle, boat or airplane to charity, please contact our office so we can help you navigate the substantiation rules to maximize your tax benefits.

The rules for donations of conservation easements, intellectual property and other items likewise require expert planning. Otherwise, you could miss the tax benefit.

Limitations

The Tax Code includes a number of provisions limiting tax-deductible contributions. Limitations may be based on the individual’s income, the type of donation and the nature of the recipient organization. Our office can describe how these limitations may impact you.

As in past years, a provision known as the limitation on itemized deductions applied to higher-income individuals. This provision reduces the total amount of a higher-income individual's allowable deductions; however, some deductions are not impacted. For purposes of the limitation on itemized deduction, a taxpayer's total, itemized deductions do not include deductions for medical expenses, investment interest expenses, casualty or theft losses, and allowable wagering losses; charitable deductions do count, however.

If you have any questions about the mechanics of tax-deductible charitable contributions, please contact our office.

Under a flexible spending arrangement (FSA), an amount is credited to an account that is used to reimburse an employee, generally, for health care or dependent care expenses. The employer must maintain the FSA. Amounts may be contributed to the account under an employee salary reduction agreement or through employer contributions.

Use-it or lose-it

The general rule is that no contribution or benefit from an FSA may be carried over to a subsequent plan year. Unused benefits or contributions remaining at the end of the plan year (or at the end of a grace period) are forfeited. This is known as the “use it or lose it” rule. The plan cannot pay the unused benefits back to the employee, and cannot carry over the unused benefits to the following calendar year.

Example. An employer maintains a cafeteria plan with a health FSA. The plan does not have a grace period. Arthur, an employee, contributes $250 a month to the FSA, or a total of $3,000 for the calendar year. At the end of the year (December 31), Arthur has incurred medical expenses of only $1,200 and makes claims for those expenses. He has $1,800 of unused benefits. Under the “use it or lose it” rule, Arthur forfeits the $1,800. 

Grace period

Because the “use it or lose it” rule seemed harsh, the IRS gave employers the option to provide a grace period at the end of the calendar year. The grace period may extend for 2½ months, but must not extend beyond the 15^th day of the third month following the end of the plan year. Medical expenses incurred during the grace period may be reimbursed using contributions from the previous year.

Example. Beulah contributes $3,000 to her health FSA for 2010. The FSA is on January 1 through December 31 calendar year.  On December 31, 2010, Beulah has $1,800 of unused contributions. Her employer provides a grace period through March 15, 2011. On January 20, 2011, Beulah incurs $1,500 of additional medical expenses. Because these expenses were incurred during the grace period, Beulah can be reimbursed the $1,500 from her 2010 contributions. On March 15, 2011, she has $300 of unused benefits from 2010 and forfeits this amount.

Exceptions

There are other exceptions to the prohibition against deferred compensation within the operation of an FSA. A cafeteria plan is permitted, but not required, to reimburse employees for orthodontia services before the services are provided, even if the services will be provided over a period of two years or longer. The employee must be required to pay in advance to receive the services. 

Another exception is provided for durable medical equipment that has a useful life extending beyond the health FSA’s period of coverage (the calendar year, plus any grace period). For example, a health FSA is permitted to reimburse the cost of a wheelchair for an employee.

If you have any questions on setting up an FSA, whether as an employer or an employee, and which benefits must be covered and which are optional, please do not hesitate to call this office.

Job-hunting expenses are generally deductible as long as you are not searching for a job in a new field. This tax benefit can be particularly useful in a tough job market. It does not matter whether your job hunt is successful, or whether you are employed or unemployed when you are looking.

Expenses directly connected with a job search are deductible as a miscellaneous itemized deduction. You can deduct job-hunting expenses if the amount of all your so-called miscellaneous itemized deductions exceeds two percent of your adjusted gross income. However, if you claim the standard deduction, you cannot deduct job-hunting expenses. Therefore, as a practical matter for many job seekers, job hunting expenses do not materialize as a tax deduction.

For those who are able to use job seeking expenses as a deduction, it can be difficult to determine what a new field is. A professional photographer who pursues a job in the retail industry clearly is searching in a new field and cannot deduct any of his or her job-hunting expenses. But there are exceptions. The IRS has allowed persons who retired from the military to search for jobs in new fields and claim their job-hunting expenses. Taking a temporary job while searching for permanent employment in your current field will not be considered a job change that disqualifies your job-hunting expenses.

Persons entering the job market for the first time, such as college students, and persons who have been out of the job market for a long period of time, such as parents of young children, cannot deduct their job-hunting expenses. However, a college student who worked in a particular field while in school may be able to deduct job-hunting expenses.

Deductible expenses include typing, printing and mailing a resume. Long-distance phone calls are also deductible. You can deduct travel costs for going on a job search or an interview, including air transportation, railroad, or car expenses. The standard rate for car expenses for business is 55 cents per mile for 2012. Amounts you pay to a job counselor, employment agency or job referral service are all deductible.

It is important to keep records of your costs. While your individual expenses may not be substantial, your total expenses can add up to a significant amount.

2011 year end tax planning for individuals lacks some of the drama of recent years but can be no less rewarding.  Last year, individual taxpayers were facing looming tax increases as the calendar changed from 2010 to 2011; particularly, increased tax rates on wages, interest and other ordinary income, and higher rates on long-term capital gains and qualified dividends.

Thanks to legislation enacted at the end of 2010, tax rates are stable for 2011 and 2012, although the uncertainty will return as 2013 approaches, as political pressure in Washington builds to do something quickly for the economy. Ordinary income tax rates for individuals currently are 10, 15, 25, 28, 33 and 35 percent; capital gains rates are zero and 15 percent.

President Obama has proposed to preserve these tax rates for taxpayers with income below $200,000 (individuals) and $250,000 (married couples filing jointly) and to raise the rates for taxpayers in these higher-income brackets. If Congress is gridlocked and takes no action, everybody’s rates will rise, but again, not until 2013.

Expiring tax breaks

Unfortunately, not all is quiet on the tax front despite no dramatic rate changes until 2013. There are some specific tax provisions that will terminate at the end of 2011, unless Congress and the President agree to extend them. These include the tuition and fees above-the-line deduction for high education expenses, which can be as high as $4,000. Another expiring provision is the deduction for mortgage insurance premiums, which covers premiums paid for qualified mortgage insurance.

Several other benefits (“extenders”) are also scheduled to expire after 2011:

• The state and local sales tax deduction;
• The classroom expense deduction for teachers;
• Nonbusiness energy credits;
• The exclusion for distributions of up to $100,000 from an IRA to charity;
• A higher deduction limit for charitable contributions of appreciated property for conservation purposes.

Retirement accounts

An old standby that makes sense from year-to-year is maximizing contributions to an IRA. The contribution is deductible up to $5,000 ($6,000 for taxpayers over 50), depending on some specific taxpayer income levels and circumstances. Taxpayers in a 401(k) plan can reduce their income by contributing to their employer plan, for which the limit in 2011 is $16,500.

In 2010, it was particularly important to consider whether to convert a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA, because the income realized on conversion could be recognized over two years. While a conversion continues to be worthwhile to consider (because distributions from a Roth IRA are not taxable), there are no longer any special break to defer a portion of the income from the conversion.

 Alternative minimum tax

The AMT has been “patched” for 2011. The exemptions have been temporarily increased from the normal statutory levels to the “patched” levels:

• From $33,750 to $48,450 for single individuals;
• From $45,000 to  $74,450 for married couples filing jointly and surviving spouses; and
• From $22,500 to $37,335 for married couples filing separately.

The amounts return to the “normal levels” of $33,750/$45,000/$22,500, respectively, in 2012 unless Congress takes action to maintain the patch. Elimination of the AMT is a goal of long-term tax reform, but the loss of revenue has been considered too high in the past. Without  the “patch,” the Congressional Budget Office estimates that an additional 20 million middle-class taxpayers would suddenly become subject to an AMT once designed only for millionaires.

While planning for the AMT is difficult, taxpayers may want to consider realizing AMT income, such as capital gains, in 2011, when the patch is higher, rather than in 2012.

Conclusion

Taxpayers can take advantage of 2011 provisions to realize last-minute tax benefits. Some of these benefits may not be available in 2012.  It is worthwhile to look at these planning opportunities as part of an overall year-year financial strategy.

Many tax benefits for business will either expire at the end of 2011 or become less valuable after 2011. Two of the most important benefits are bonus depreciation and Code Sec. 179 expensing. Both apply to investments in tangible property that can be depreciated. Other sunsetting opportunities might also be considered.

Bonus depreciation

Bonus depreciation is 100 percent for 2011. A business can write-off, in the first year, the entire cost of its investment in new depreciable property. Under current law, bonus depreciation will decrease to 50 percent in 2012 and will terminate after 2012. (These deadlines are extended one year for certain transportation property and property with a longer production period). President Obama has proposed to extend 100 percent bonus depreciation through 2012. Normally, this would have a good chance of being approved, but with the focus on deficit reduction and the linking of tax benefits to tax increases, it is not at all clear what will happen.

So, if a business has income in 2011 and plans to invest in depreciable property, it is worthwhile to consider making that investment in 2011, while the available write-off is at its highest. Under normal depreciation rules, a business will still be able to claim accelerated write-offs, but this may be 50 percent or less of the cost of the property, with the balance written-off over several years, instead of all in one year.

Planning for bonus depreciation is important because the property must satisfy placed-in-service and acquisition date requirements. Property is placed in service when it is in a condition or state of readiness on a regular ongoing basis for a specifically assigned function in a trade or business. The acquisition date rules may vary. For 2011, property is acquired when the taxpayer incurs or pays its cost. This could occur when the property is delivered, but it could also be when title to the property passes. For 2012, property is acquired when the taxpayer takes physical possession of the property.

Code Sec. 179 expensing

Code Sec. 179 expensing (first-year writeoff) has been around for awhile, but at higher amounts more recently. While there is no limit on bonus depreciation, expensing is limited to a statutory amount. For 2011, this amount is $500,000. It is scheduled to drop to $125,000 in 2012 and to $25,000 after 2012 (adjusted for inflation). Moreover, the cap is reduced for the amount of total investment in Code Sec. 179 property. The phaseout threshold is $2 million for 2011, dropping to $500,000 for 2012 and $200,000 for 2013 and subsequent years. For businesses who want to invest in depreciable property, the payoff is definitely greater in 2011. Taxpayers taking advantage of expensing should write off assets that would otherwise have the longest recovery periods.

Other 2011 benefits

Some other important benefits expire at the end of 2011 or become less valuable. A significant benefit in 2011 is the 100 percent exclusion for small business stock. After 2012, the normal exclusion rate will drop to 50 percent, although it has been 75 percent in recent years. The exclusion is based on the year the stock is acquired; the stock must be held for five years before sold and satisfy other requirements.

Another important benefit is the 20 percent research credit. The credit has been extended one year at a time for a long period, so it is likely to be extended again. Nevertheless, until Congress acts, there is some uncertainty for research expenses incurred after 2011.

Conclusion

To maximize the benefits of 2011 year-end tax planning, a business must be proactive in determining what upcoming capital investments might be accelerated into this year and what investments become cost effective because of the immediate tax benefits that they offer. Some business-related tax benefits will be less valuable after 2011; for others, it is not clear what Congress and the administration will do in terms of surprising taxpayers with a year-end tax bill. Please contact this office if you have any questions over how year-end tax strategies that begin now and continue through December can help maximize tax benefits for your business.

Autumn 2011 in Washington, D.C. is expected to be a season of contentious debates over tax reform, and at the heart of the debate is the amount of taxes paid by higher-income individuals.  President Obama wants Congress to raise taxes on higher-income individuals to help reduce the federal government’s budget deficit and to pay for a jobs program.  Many lawmakers, especially Republicans, are opposed to any tax increases. The two sides appear far apart but the need to cut the nation’s deficit could encourage compromise.

Bush-era tax cuts

In 2001, Congress enacted the Economic Growth and Tax Reconciliation Act (EGTRRA), which set in motion a gradual decrease in the individual marginal income tax rates and the federal estate tax, along with marriage penalty relief, the introduction of a new 10 percent tax bracket and more.  The Jobs and Growth Tax Act of 2003 accelerated the reductions in the individual tax rates and also reduced capital gains and dividend tax rates (currently taxed at 15 percent for taxpayers in tax brackets above 15 percent and at zero percent for or all other taxpayers).  All of these tax cuts are collectively known as the Bush-era tax cuts.

In 2010, Congress passed, and President Obama signed, the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization and Job Creation Act. The 2010 Tax Relief Act extended the Bush-era tax cuts through the end of 2012. The extension proved especially valuable for higher-income taxpayers.  Without the extension, the top two individual income tax rates would have risen from 33 and 35 percent to 36 and 39.6 percent, respectively, after December 31, 2010.

White House proposals

President Obama released a Deficit Reduction Plan on September 19 and proposed to allow the Bush-era tax cuts to expire for higher-income taxpayers and to return the federal estate tax to its 2009 parameters.  The White House broadly defines higher-income taxpayers for purposes of the Bush-era tax cuts as individuals with annual incomes over $200,000 and families with annual incomes over $250,000.

The President’s Deficit Reduction Plan would:

--Allow the Bush-era high-income tax cuts to expire

--Return the federal estate tax to its 2009 levels

--Reduce the value of itemized deductions and other tax preferences to 28 percent for families with incomes over $250,000

All of these changes would apparently take place after 2012.

Keep in mind that if Congress does nothing before 2013, the Bush-era tax cuts are scheduled to automatically expire after 2012. Tax rates would not only rise for higher-income individuals but for all taxpayers.  The federal estate tax would return to its pre-EGTRRA levels (with some minor modifications) and capital gains/dividends would be taxed at much less taxpayer-friendly rates than under current law.

Additionally, higher-income individuals will pay more in taxes after 2012 because of existing laws. An additional 0.9 percent Medicare tax on wages and self-employment income and a 3.8 percent Medicare contribution tax on unearned income are scheduled to take effect after 2012 for higher-income taxpayers.

Buffett Rule

President Obama has asked Congress to enact legislation to provide that no household making over $1 million annually should pay a smaller share of its income in taxes than middle-income families. President Obama calls this tax treatment, the “Buffett Rule” after billionaire investor Warren Buffett, who said that his effective tax rate is lower than the tax rate of his secretary.

The White House has been deliberately vague on the mechanics of the Buffet Rule. In his Deficit Reduction Plan, President Obama said that the Buffett Rule would be enacted as part of overall tax reform, which increases the progressivity of the Tax Code. 

The Buffett Rule could take the shape of increased taxes on capital gains and dividends.  Higher-income individuals typically have a significant portion of their income from investment activity. The Buffett Rule could also reform the alternative minimum tax (AMT). The AMT was originally enacted to prevent very wealthy taxpayers from avoiding taxes. Because the AMT was not indexed for inflation, and for other reasons, the AMT has encroached on middle income taxpayers.

Payroll tax cuts

The 2010 Tax Relief Act enacted a temporary payroll tax holiday. The employee-share of OASDI taxes is reduced from 6.2 percent to 4.2 percent for calendar year 2011 up to the Social Security wage base ($106,800 for 2011). An individual with earnings at or above $106,800 in 2011 receives a $2,136 tax benefit. Self-employed individuals receive a comparable tax benefit.  Under current law, the payroll tax holiday ends after December 31, 2011 and the employee-share of OASDI taxes is scheduled to revert to 6.2 percent.

President Obama has proposed to extend and enhance the payroll tax cut for calendar year 2012.  The employee-share of OASDI taxes for 2012 would be reduced from 6.2 percent to 3.1 percent, under the President’s proposal.

The President’s proposal has a reasonably good chance of being enacted.  Taxpayers have become accustomed to the two percent reduction in effect for 2011. Moreover, lawmakers are reluctant to raise taxes in an election year.  However, opponents of any extension question its impact on the long-term health of Social Security.

If you have any questions about the proposals being debated in Washington, please contact our office.

Adoptive parents may be eligible for federal tax incentives. The Tax Code includes an adoption tax credit to help defray the costs of an adoption.  Recent changes to the adoption tax credit make it very valuable.

Temporary increase

In 2010, Congress temporarily increased the dollar limitation for the adoption tax credit (and the income exclusion for employer-provided adoption expenses) by $1,000 (from $12,170 to $13,170 for 2010 and indexed for inflation for tax years beginning after December 31, 2010). Congress also made the adoption tax credit refundable for 2010 and 2011. These enhancements, however, are scheduled to expire after December 31, 2011 unless Congress extends them.

Your income is another factor to take into account. You may not receive the full amount of the adoption tax credit for 2010 if your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is $182,520 or more. The adoption tax credit is completely phased out if your MAGI is $222,520 or more. These amounts may be adjusted for inflation by the IRS in 2011.  Additionally, to prevent double benefits, the adoption tax credit is coordinated with the exclusion for employer-provided adoption assistance

Qualified expenses

A number of adoption-related expenses may qualify for the tax credit. These expenses include, but are not limited to, reasonable and necessary adoption fees, travel expenses, fees paid to attorneys, and court costs.  The IRS has identified on its website some expenses that are excluded, such as expenses related to the adoption of the child of a taxpayer’s spouse, the costs of a surrogate parenting arrangement, and expenses that violate state or federal law.  Additionally, expenses related to a foreign adoption qualify only if the taxpayer actually adopts the child.  That rule is different if a domestic adoption is unsuccessful.

Eligible child

An eligible child for purposes of the adoption tax credit is an individual who has not attained the age of 18 at the time of the adoption, or is physically or mentally incapable of caring for himself or herself. A child has special-needs if the child otherwise meets the definition of eligible child, the child is a U.S. citizen or resident, a state determines that the child cannot or should not be returned to his or her parent's home, and  a state determines that the child probably will not be adopted unless assistance is provided. 

Form 8839

Taxpayers file Form 8839, Qualified Adoption Expenses, to claim the adoption tax credit.  At this time, Form 8839 cannot be filed electronically; it must be filed on paper because the IRS requires you to attach supporting documentation.

The IRS requires different documents if the adoption is foreign or domestic, final or not final, and if the adoption is of a child with special needs. The IRS has issued special safe harbor rules for certain foreign adoptions. The home country of the child may be included in the safe harbors which streamline some of the documentation requirements.

The IRS recommends that taxpayers keep the following records: Receipts for qualified adoption expenses, final decree, certificate or order of adoption, home study by an authorized placement agency, child placement agreements or court orders, and determination of special needs status by a State or the District of Columbia.

Processing Form 8839 can take some time. One of the most common mistakes taxpayers make is failing to attach supporting documents.   After the IRS conducts an initial review of Form 8839, it notifies taxpayers explaining any additional steps they need to take, such as providing certain documentation to establish whether they are eligible for the credit.

If you have any questions about the adoption tax credit, please contact our office.

Long-term care premiums are deductible up to certain amounts as itemized medical expense deductions. The amount is based upon your age. Unfortunately, most taxpayers do not have enough other medical expense deductions to exceed the non-deductible portion equal to the first 7 1/2 percent of adjusted gross income (10 percent if you are subject to alternative minimum tax (AMT)). Furthermore, more taxpayers now take the standard deduction rather than itemize, making even those medical expenses useless as a tax deduction.

A tax bill has been before Congress for several years now to allow long-term care premiums to be deductible "above the line," that is, by anyone irrespective of whether you itemize. The impetus behind this recommendation is that encouraging individuals to fund their own eventual eldercare is preferable to having federal Medicare payments to so. So far, however, Congress has not brought the matter to a vote. Some state income tax laws already allow such an above-the-line deduction.

Long-term care premiums. Long-term care insurance premiums are deductible in figuring itemized medical expense deductions up to the following amounts:

- Age 40 or younger: $290 in 2007; $310 in 2008;

- Over 40 but not older than 50: $550 in 2007; $580 in 2008;

- Over 50 but not older than 60: $1,110 in 2007; $1,150 in 2008;

- Over 60 but not older than 70: $2,950 in 2007; $3,080 in 2008; and

- Over 70: $3,680 in 2007; $3,850 in 2008.